Dr Carel Oosthuizen, a senior lecturer in UP’s Department of Zoology and Entomology, and Zoology master’s student Rüchelle Moolman offer practical tips to help people interact with animals and insects in a respectful, safe way this holiday season.

Many people’s fear of certain animals stem from misunderstandings and myths rather than factual knowledge. Often, myths surrounding animals like spiders, scorpions, snakes, sharks and even hyenas overshadow our reality; popular culture, including movies and television, can reinforce these fears by portraying these animals as villains. However, understanding these creatures and their behaviours can reduce our fears, and foster a more respectful co-existence between humans and wildlife.

People must have access to accurate information to support the peaceful co-existence of humans and animals. This is one of the missions of the Department of Zoology and Entomology at the University of Pretoria (UP). Through extensive research projects, the department gathers scientific data on a wide range of animal groups, from tiny insects like bees to enormous mammals like whales. Sharing these findings with the public is a top priority. As part of this mission, first-year students enrolled in the ZEN 161 Animal Diversity module are introduced to the incredible diversity of wildlife and encouraged to share their insights.

In this guide, we offer useful facts about several animals that people are likely to encounter during summer outdoor (and potentially indoor) activities.

Elephants

Elephants are among the most thrilling animals to encounter in the wild, and captivate tourists with their intelligence, grace and size. However, these majestic creatures can become dangerous when they feel threatened, especially if provoked.

Both local and international tourists are sometimes tempted to get too close, hoping for a closer look or a better photo. In these instances, elephants would often give clear warning signs to keep your distance. For example, female elephants are fiercely protective of their young, and coming between a mother and her calf may signal you as a threat, prompting her to charge. Male elephants, or bulls, can also become aggressive, especially during periods when they are hormonal and focused on finding a mate.

Recognising elephant behaviour can help you to avoid risky situations. Elephants, like other territorial animals, are sensitive to sudden sounds or movements. Avoid honking your horn or revving your engine near them, as loud noises can startle them and provoke a defensive reaction. Watch for signs like raised trunks, ear flapping or mock charges – these are signals to back away and give them space. Remember, elephants are not only protective but are also highly intelligent animals. Their ability to use tools, such as branches or their trunks to swat flies or plug waterholes, highlights their creativity and adaptability.

Ultimately, respecting elephants’ space and recognising their natural behaviours ensures a safer experience for both you and these remarkable animals. By observing them respectfully from a safe distance, you allow them to continue their routines undisturbed, and you get to appreciate the beauty of one of nature’s most magnificent beings in a way that is safe for everyone involved.

Mosquitoes

While they’re often considered pests, mosquitoes play a vital role in food webs, serving as a food source for birds, bats, fish and other wildlife. Only female mosquitoes bite to gather protein from blood, which they need to develop their eggs. They’re drawn to warmth, sweat and carbon dioxide, and are most active at dawn and dusk.

Mosquito bites can be itchy and irritating, and in some regions, the insects can transmit diseases like malaria and the West Nile virus. However, they’re more of an annoyance than a serious health threat in many places. To reduce bites, wear long sleeves and pants, apply insect repellent and consider using mosquito nets or fans to keep them at bay.

Rather than viewing mosquitoes solely as pests, understanding their ecological role can help foster a more balanced perspective. Mosquitoes are part of the delicate web of life, and taking a few simple precautions can make outdoor experiences more enjoyable while respecting their place in the ecosystem.

Wasps and bees

Wasps and bees may seem similar at first glance, but they are distinct in appearance and behaviour. Bees, typically fuzzier and more rounded, are vital pollinators, especially for wild plants and crops that provide food. Wasps are slimmer, often with more vivid black and yellow colouring, and have a more predatory role. Wasps help control insect populations by hunting various pests, while bees focus primarily on gathering pollen and nectar.

Bees are generally gentle, only stinging when they feel their hive or personal safety is threatened. When a bee stings, it leaves its stinger behind and dies shortly after, so it stings as a last resort. On the other hand, wasps can sting multiple times and may be more aggressive, especially when their nests are disturbed. However, wasps aren’t inherently dangerous unless provoked; they’ll typically only approach if they’re interested in food or feel their space is invaded.

Understanding their behaviours can help you avoid stings and appreciate these insects from a safe distance. Avoid wearing bright colours or floral patterns when outside, as these may attract both bees and wasps. Move calmly and avoid swatting at them if they come close; sudden movements can trigger defensive behaviour. Steer clear if you spot a nest, as disturbing it may lead to a defensive swarm. Wasps and bees play crucial roles in nature: bees as pollinators that are essential to many ecosystems and wasps as natural pest controllers. Appreciating them from a respectful distance reduces your risk while respecting these invaluable insects.

Baboons and monkeys

Baboons and monkeys are intelligent, social animals that are often curious about humans, but can also be wary, especially when they feel threatened. Baboons, with their larger size, dog-like snouts and strong jaws, live in troops and have a complex social structure. Monkeys vary widely in size and appearance, but are typically smaller and more agile, with prehensile tails in some species that aid in climbing.

Both baboons and monkeys can become aggressive if they feel threatened or are accustomed to being fed by humans. Feeding them disrupts their natural behaviours, leading to aggression when seeking food. To avoid negative encounters, keep food hidden, avoid eye contact and do not attempt to touch or approach them. Observing their behaviours from a safe distance allows you to appreciate their intelligence and social dynamics without disturbing them.

Baboons and monkeys are integral to their ecosystems, dispersing seeds and maintaining forest diversity. Observing them in the wild without interference contributes to their well-being and enriches your experience of the natural world.