'The effects of GBV are entrenched in SA’s cultural fabric’ – UP psychology lecturer

Dr Jarred H Martin, senior lecturer in the University of Pretoria’s (UP) Department of Psychology and Deputy Chair of the Sexuality and Gender Division of the Psychological Society of South Africa, writes about the societal impact of gender-based violence.

In the intricate tapestry of South African society, the threads of gender-based violence (GBV) weave a dark narrative that leaves an indelible mark on the collective psyche. The long-term psychological effects of GBV reverberate far beyond the immediate victims, permeating the cultural fabric and shaping the mental landscapes of both men and women.

For women, the psychological toll of living in a society where GBV is prevalent is profound and enduring. Fear, anxiety and a constant sense of vulnerability become ingrained in the female experience. The normalisation of violence can lead to a pervasive mistrust of others, hindering the development of healthy relationships. This, coupled with the stigmatisation often faced by survivors, can contribute to a profound sense of isolation and shame.

The psychological effects on men, too, should not be overlooked. In a culture that often perpetuates toxic forms of dominance and control as part of masculinity, boys and men may grapple with conflicting expectations ­– the pressure to conform to aggressive and dominating behaviour, on one hand, and the societal condemnation of violence, on the other. The internalisation of these conflicting norms can result in a distorted sense of self, and contribute to heightened levels of stress and aggression.

Moreover, the intergenerational transmission of trauma plays a pivotal role in shaping the psychological landscape. Children exposed to GBV are not only at risk of direct victimisation but are also susceptible to the psychological consequences of witnessing violence within the family or community. This exposure can manifest in a range of emotional and behavioural issues, perpetuating a cycle of violence and trauma that spans generations.

The societal impact of GBV extends beyond the immediate psychological effects on individuals. It corrodes the social trust that is fundamental for a healthy and cohesive community. The erosion of trust inhibits collective action, and fosters an environment where fear and suspicion thrive. In this fractured social landscape, the potential for building a resilient and collaborative society becomes severely compromised.

Efforts to address the long-term psychological effects of GBV must recognise the interconnectedness of individual and societal well-being. Breaking the cycle requires dismantling the deeply ingrained cultural norms that perpetuate violence. Education plays a pivotal role in challenging these norms, fostering empathy and promoting healthy relationship dynamics.

Additionally, mental health support systems must be fortified to provide assistance to survivors and address the root causes of aggressive behaviour. Creating safe spaces for both men and women to share their experiences and seek help is crucial. By reducing the stigma associated with seeking mental health support, individuals can be empowered to break free from the psychological shackles of GBV.

Cultural change necessitates a comprehensive approach that involves not only legislative measures but also grassroots initiatives aimed at altering societal attitudes. Community-driven programmes can challenge harmful stereotypes and encourage open dialogue about the consequences of GBV on mental health. Ironically, GBV can itself forge new forms of solidarity within and across different communities, cultures and classes, as both men and women who have experienced GBV can organise and build initiatives and movements that work towards non-domineering forms of masculinity and new ways of raising, parenting and educating boys and girls – in effect, enabling new psychologies of non-violent gender identity and expression to be possible.  

The long-term psychological effects of GBV in South Africa are deeply entrenched in the cultural fabric, affecting both men and women. To foster lasting change, there must be a concerted effort to dismantle the harmful norms that perpetuate violence and to provide support systems that address the psychological consequences of such trauma. Only through collective action and a commitment to cultural transformation can South Africa begin to unravel the dark threads of GBV and weave a new narrative – one of resilience, empathy and empowerment.