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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), also known as EDX or EDXA, is a highly effective technique that enables precise analysis of the elemental composition of a sample.

Basic theory and principles of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 

EDS operates on the principle that when incident electrons interact with atoms in the sample, they excite inner-shell electrons, causing them to be ejected and creating electron holes. Subsequently, higher energy shell electrons fill these vacancies, releasing energy in the form of X-rays. The energy of the emitted X-rays is directly associated with the atomic number of the emitting element, allowing for identification of the elements present in the sample. The intensity of the emitted X-rays from each element is also proportional to its concentration in the sample. These X-rays are detected by a photon-energy-sensitive detector, which converts them into electrical signals. A computer then calculates the energy of the X-rays and identifies the elements in the sample based on their characteristic X-ray energies.

Sample preparation

Sample preparation plays a crucial role in obtaining accurate signals with EDS. Sample processing can influence the localization of elements and the addition of contrasting agents can alter the range of detectable X-rays. Therefore, it is important to tailor the experimental approach to the specific sample type and the elements of interest.