Mario Smuts

	Mario Smuts NHDip. Vet. Tech., MSc. (Veterinary Science) [email protected]	Control Veterinary Technologist, Section of Reproduction, Production Animal Studies
Research Sub-theme 1 International Rhino Reproduction Initiative	The continued survival of the five extant rhinoceros species is currently severely threatened (IUCN 2017). A prolonged gestation (15-18 m) combined with attrition through poaching contributes to slow population growth. Additionally, each species faces specific reproductive problems in captivity, including acyclic females, high neonatal mortality and aggression between mating pairs, necessitating the development of tailored assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Applying ARTs in vivo to the rhinoceros has been facilitated by combining serial ultrasonography, hormone monitoring, ovulation induction and appropriately-timed artificial insemination (AI). Semen collection and processing for both gamete preservation and AI from genetically valuable males is a prerequisite for all currently-available ARTs. Additional emerging technologies like oocyte pickup (OPU) provides oocytes that are fundamental to the establishment of protocols for successful in vitro embryo culture systems. Parallel in vitro technology has advanced in several critical areas including culture media development and fertilization of oocytes via in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) that have resulted in successful early embryo development. However, development of successful methods for embryo transfer (ET) and cloning are still necessary steps limiting the achievement of the goal of producing a live calf from an in vitro-produced embryo. Furthermore, cryobanking of both in vitro and in vivo acquired gametes and embryos provide potentially important reservoirs ensuring genetic diversity for future ART endeavours. An enhanced understanding of rhinoceros reproductive physiology will assist in overcoming currently-experienced limitations for the development of improved ART and protocols. This critical scientific research in tandem with stakeholder collaboration will not only ensure sustainability and genetic management of rhinoceros populations, but also provides a blueprint for conservation actions for other endangered species.
Research Projects	This initial project (a component of a larger study) aims to increase our current understanding of rhinoceros reproductive physiology and endocrinology in order to develop in vitro rhinoceros-DocuSign Envelope ID: 0246A706-D0A5-452D-BDE3-10F2263E0A85 specific ARTs. The critical first step will investigate methods optimising gamete retrieval and survival during their transfer to the laboratory to improve the outcomes from maturation, embryo culture or vitrification for oocyte cryopreservation and ultimately embryos from IVF or ICSI.
Research Sub-theme 2 Effects of semen extenders on cooled and frozen semen of roan - and sable antelope (Hippotragus equinus & - niger) in South Africa	Assisted reproduction techniques (ART) have become an essential part of our modern livestock reproduction management programs allowing for worldwide exportation of valuable genetic material and breed desired traits from valuable sires. The ability to produce livestock offspring by making use of ART has allowed the economically driven agricultural industry to allow for more efficient, disease-free distribution of genetic material. These techniques can be used as basis for the conservation and managing of endangered species. Semen and other breeding related parameters that can be used by veterinarians to conduct breeding soundness evaluation on roan and sable bulls in field conditions will be documented and described. Outcomes of the effects of semen extenders on the survivability of semen will assist in the development of protocols for shipping of chilled semen, freezing semen and delivering valuable information on understanding the reproductive physiology of the Hippotragus genus better.
Research Projects	1. To establish the effects that commercially available semen extenders have on cooled and frozen semen of the roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) and sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) in South Africa. 2. To determine semen and breeding soundness parameters that can be used as guidelines for wildlife veterinarians, researchers and breeders.

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